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02 // ATTACK SURFACE

Attack / Defense Lab

Understand how common attacks work, what indicators to watch for, and which defensive controls reduce risk. Premium private files are delivered only after entitlement verification.

PREMIUM // Brute-Force Attack

Brute-Force Attack

A brute-force attack repeatedly guesses credentials or secrets until a valid value is found.

Defense: Use MFA, rate limiting, progressive delays, account protection, password policies, breached-password screening, bot detection, and centralized authentication monitoring.
PREMIUM // Command Injection

Command Injection

Command injection occurs when application input is incorporated into an operating-system command in a way that lets data alter command execution.

Defense: Avoid shell invocation when possible, use fixed APIs and argument arrays, strict allow-lists, least privilege, sandboxing, EDR monitoring, and application isolation.
PREMIUM // Credential Stuffing

Credential Stuffing

Credential stuffing uses previously exposed username/password pairs against other services, relying on password reuse.

Defense: Require MFA, block known compromised passwords, use bot/risk-based controls, rate-limit authentication, monitor impossible travel, and encourage unique passwords with password managers.
PREMIUM // Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

CSRF tricks an authenticated browser into sending an unwanted state-changing request to a site where the victim is already signed in.

Defense: Use anti-CSRF tokens, SameSite cookies, Origin/Referer validation where appropriate, re-authentication for sensitive actions, and avoid unsafe state changes through GET.
PREMIUM // Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

XSS is a client-side injection weakness in which attacker-controlled content is interpreted as active script in another user’s browser context.

Defense: Use contextual output encoding, safe templating, framework auto-escaping, strict Content Security Policy, input validation, secure cookie flags, and DOM-safe APIs.
PREMIUM // Directory Traversal

Directory Traversal

Directory traversal is unauthorized access to files outside an application’s intended directory by manipulating path input.

Defense: Canonicalize paths, use allow-listed file identifiers instead of raw paths, enforce filesystem permissions, isolate application data, and monitor file access.
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